Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is advancing at a pace that almost feels unreal. New models appear, new breakthroughs emerge, and capabilities that were once science fiction now show up in everyday tools. But beneath the excitement, tension has been growing subtly. Two very different visions for the future of AI are pulling in opposite directions. One vision is open. It embraces transparency, collaboration, and broad access to powerful models. The other is closed. It favors control, safety oversight, significant investment, and centralized development. This split between open source and proprietary AI has existed for years, but the divide is widening as models become more capable, and the stakes get higher. 

When people interact with large language models, one of the first surprises is how well they handle complicated requests. Ask for a summary of a report, a list of action items, a rewritten email, and a short poem at the end, and the model seems to understand exactly what to do. Even more impressive, it often completes the steps in the right order without being told how to organize the work. This gives the impression that the model is following a plan, breaking the request into pieces, and working through them one at a time. In reality, something more subtle is happening. LLMs do not have a separate planning module or a built in workflow engine. Instead, they rely on their internal patterns and training signals to interpret and decompose instructions. 

For most of the history of artificial intelligence, machines followed instructions in a predictable, almost rigid way. A system received an input, produced an output, and stopped. There was no sense of planning, no ability to take initiative, and certainly no workflow that unfolded across multiple steps. That has begun to change. AI agents represent a new direction in the field. Instead of responding to a single prompt, they operate more like collaborators that can reason through problems, choose actions, evaluate results, and continue working until they reach a goal. The shift from passive models to active agents has opened the door to applications that once felt out of reach. 

Around the world, scientists are racing to solve some of the hardest problems of our time. We need better batteries, cleaner fuels, biodegradable plastics, low carbon building materials, safer chemicals, and new ways to recycle what we already use. These challenges are rooted in chemistry, and for decades the process of discovering new materials has been slow, expensive, and incredibly complex. 

When language models first arrived, they amazed people with their ability to answer questions, write stories, and hold conversations. But there was a problem hiding underneath the excitement. A model on its own is powerful, but limited. It cannot remember much across long conversations. It cannot search your documents or access live data. It cannot take actions or follow multi-step instructions without careful guidance. In other words, a language model is smart, but it is not a full application. LangChain emerged to fill that gap. It became one of the first frameworks that helped developers turn raw model power into usable products. If you have seen tools that let you chat with PDFs, extract meaning from documents, or build agents that can search for information and then act on it, there is a good chance LangChain played a role. 

When GANs first appeared, they felt almost playful, like a scientific experiment that had been let out into the world. Yet behind that sense of creativity was a breakthrough in how machines learn to generate completely new data. GANs gave AI the ability to imagine. They helped models create realistic images, invent new faces, simulate environments, enhance photographs, and even produce original artwork. They became the foundation for many early tools that showed the world what generative AI could become. To understand how we got here, it helps to take a closer look at what a GAN actually is, how it works, and why it became such an important stepping stone in the evolution of AI. 

When people talk about language models today, the conversation almost always jumps straight to the newest large model or the latest breakthrough. Long before massive generative systems became the standard, there was a turning point that reshaped how machines understand text. That turning point was BERT. BERT did not just become another model on a leaderboard. It introduced a new way of learning language, one that allowed machines to understand meaning from both directions of a sentence at once. It sparked an era of transformer based models focused on comprehension rather than generation. And it opened the door to many of the options we rely on today. 

When people imagine natural language processing, they often picture the final output. Whether it’s a chatbot answering questions, a model summarizing a report, or a system sorting documents or identifying sentiment. What they do not see is the quiet, structured process that makes all of that possible. Every NLP workflow, no matter how advanced, begins with a pipeline. It is the backbone of the system; a sequence of steps that takes raw text and turns it into something a model can learn from or interpret. 

When people talk about modern AI, they usually focus on size. Bigger models. More parameters. Larger datasets. The conversation often centers on scale, as if intelligence were a simple matter of piling on more computation. But the truth is more complicated. The biggest models are powerful, yet they are not always practical. They require enormous amounts of compute, electricity, and hardware. They struggle to run on everyday devices. They can be slow, costly, and difficult to deploy. These limitations created a need for something different, a way to hold on to intelligence while letting go of bulk. That idea became one of the most important techniques in modern machine learning. It is called distillation, and it has quietly shaped the direction of real-world AI more than most people realize. 

Today, it is easy to look at modern AI and ignore everything that came before these complex transformers. They certainly reshaped the entire field, but the story of how machines learned to understand language, time, and sequence started long before attention layers and massive context windows. Before Transformers, the models that shaped natural language processing and many early breakthroughs were sequence models. They were the systems that first taught machines how to process information that unfolds over time, one step at a time. Their rise paved the way for everything that came after.